How do electric bikes work? An e-bike combines a conventional bicycle mechanism with a motor powered by a rechargeable battery. When you pedal, sensors adjust the electric motor’s boost, making your journey easier without taking over completely.

It’s a straightforward concept, and we’re here to walk you through it.

Key takeaways

E-bikes blend traditional cycling with motor assistance, using a battery, motor, and controller to provide a boost on-demand, which is especially handy for tackling hills and headwinds, but also for getting a head start at traffic lights.
There are different types of e-bike motors (hub and mid-drive) and batteries that affect performance and range; your choice should be based on your riding needs and preferences.
Maintenance is key for e-bikes, including regular cleaning and professional check-ups, while proper handling and braking techniques ensure a safe, enjoyable ride.
A tip for beginners: try shared electric bikes to see if switching from a conventional bike to an electric one is right for you. Shared e-bikes require considerably less upfront costs and can be used for commuting and leisure.

Electric bike technology — the essence of an e-bike explained

Electric bike technology — the essence of an e-bike explained

An e-bike, or an electric bike, is a bicycle with an added boost. It incorporates a battery for storing electric power, an electric motor for assisting, and a controller for managing power flow. And some models even come with displays for monitoring the bike’s stats.

Its ability to assist a rider makes an electric bike an electric bike. With both throttle (which can only assist up to 6 km/h and isn’t common in Europe) and pedal-activated systems, e-bikes can provide a boost when needed, making it easier to overcome obstacles like hills and headwinds.

But how do electric bikes work, exactly?

Sensors monitor your pedal power, speed, and cadence, adjusting the assistance level accordingly, making your ride smoother, more enjoyable, and, let’s face it, more fun!

However, not all e-bikes are created equal — it’s mainly the motor that sets them apart.

Electric bike motor varieties and placement

Electric bike motor varieties and placement

There are 2 main types: hub motors and mid-drive motors. Hub motors are in the wheel hubs, while mid-drive motors are located near the bottom bracket by the pedals. Each has its advantages.

A front hub motor, located in the front wheel, is typically easier to install and improves weight balance for a smoother ride. If you prefer a smooth operation, better handling, and quiet performance, a rear hub motor in the rear wheel might be your best choice.

For those seeking efficiency, a mid-drive motor uses the bike’s gears to deliver motor power, allowing the bike to go faster and maintain better balance. Mountain bikes, cargo bikes, and high-end urban e-bikes often go for a mid-drive motor, whereas the trend for most other pedelecs is to have a rear-wheel hub motor.

The electric core: unpacking the e-bike battery

Unpacking the e-bike battery

The battery acts as the heart of an electric bike, providing the essential energy that powers all of its electric capabilities. The size of the battery determines how much energy is available for the motor and, consequently, how far the bike can go. The larger the battery, the greater the range.

The charging time of an e-bike battery varies depending on its size and capacity. Some factors to consider when selecting an e-bike battery are:

The size of the battery;
The capacity (Wh);
The distance you want to travel;
The charging time you’re willing to wait.

A bigger battery can store more energy, allowing the bike to travel greater distances but may take longer to charge. It’s important to consider these factors when selecting an e-bike battery.

Sensing your efforts: speed and torque sensors

Sensing your efforts: speed and torque sensors

E-bikes have speed and torque sensors to detect how hard and fast you’re pedalling and adjust the motor assistance accordingly. The sensors relay this information to the motor, providing the right amount of help to make your ride more enjoyable and less tiring.

The speed sensor tells the electric motor to power the e-bike based on speed. On the other hand, the torque sensor measures the force of your pedalling and uses that data to determine the level of assistance. This means the harder you pedal, the more help you get from the motor.

These sensors are integral to e-bike performance. Torque sensors make the ride feel more natural and responsive, while speed sensors, though simpler and cheaper, might not provide the same level of control.

Control at your fingertips: display and controller

How do e-bikes work: display and controller

The display and controller are among the standout features of e-bikes. These components allow you to manage the level of assistance, monitor battery life, and access other important information at the touch of a button.

E-bike displays can range from simple and small to full-on computers. They typically show:

Speed;
Distance;
Battery level;
Driving mode.

Depending on your input, the controller decides how much power to give the motor. By working in tandem, the display and controller give you full control over your e-bike riding experience.

E-bike performance: speed and range

E-bike performance: speed and range

Several factors, including speed and range, influence electric bike performance. In Europe, e-bikes can assist up to 25 km/h. If you pedal faster, you can go above this speed.

Factors that influence e-bike range include:

Battery capacity;
Weight of the bike and rider;
Terrain;
Riding style;
Wind resistance;
Temperature.

The pedal assist level also plays a significant role in determining the range.

For instance, a larger battery capacity allows more electrical energy to be delivered to the motor, extending the range. Therefore, choosing a bike with a larger battery can be beneficial if you take long rides.

Braking and handling on electric bikes

How an e-bike work: braking and handling on electric bikes

Braking and handling on an electric bicycle can differ slightly from traditional bicycles due to the added weight and power.

Here are some tips to help you adapt to these changes and enhance your safety and enjoyment:

Start braking earlier than you might on a regular bicycle, as the extra weight can put more strain on the brakes.
E-bikes with more powerful motors may need more powerful brakes to handle the extra force and stop effectively.
Practice and get familiar with handling your e-bike before taking it on longer rides or challenging terrain.

Choosing a suitable e-bike motor and battery

Choosing a suitable e-bike motor and battery

Your intended use and personal preferences will dictate what motor and battery to go for. When selecting a motor, consider factors such as:

Motor size;
Price;
Type of terrain you’ll be riding on;
E-bike model compatibility;
Presence of gears;
Electric bike motor position;
Quality of the corresponding battery;
The overall weight of the e-bike;
Motor wattage.

For instance, hub motors are great for flat terrains like bike paths and roads, while mid-drive motors are more suitable for all kinds of terrains, including hilly and mountainous areas.

So, the type of motor you choose can significantly impact your e-bike’s performance.

When it comes to batteries, there are different types to choose from:

Lithium ion;
Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC);
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO);
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP).

Each type has its own unique features and performance. The size of the battery also affects how far your e-bike can go, so choose a battery that best fits your riding needs.

Useful tip! 💡

Before purchasing an electric bike,

check the incentives available

in your country.

Maintenance and care for your e-bike

Maintenance and care for your e-bike

Similar to other vehicles, e-bikes need regular maintenance and care. Keeping the battery and motor in check, cleaning the bike after each ride, and getting a professional tune-up once a year can go a long way in keeping your e-bike in top shape.

When cleaning your e-bike, remember to:

Avoid using a power washer or high water pressure, as it may damage the electrical components;
Use a damp cloth or gentle spray for the frame and parts;
Dry the bike after cleaning to prevent rusting.

How frequently you ride will determine how often you need to service your e-bike. If you’re a regular rider, consider following the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines to keep your e-bike running at its best.

Final thoughts on electric bike benefits

How does an ebike work

Electric bikes open up a world of possibilities for those who may have previously found cycling too demanding or strenuous.

They level the playing field, allowing riders of different fitness levels to enjoy the outdoors and the joy of cycling. Moreover, they serve as a bridge for those looking to transition from a personal car to more sustainable modes of transport.

Let’s not underestimate the health benefits of e-bikes, either! While they provide assistance, they still encourage physical activity, leading to improved cardiovascular fitness, better mental well-being, and reduced urban congestion and pollution.

You should now know all about electric bikes — how they work, their main components, and how they differ from traditional bikes. But if you’d like to try riding one before buying, choose shared options to see if you’re ready to give up your standard bike.

Still have questions? See the FAQs about electric bikes below.

FAQs about electric bikes

Do you still have to pedal an electric bike?

Yes, but the extent to which you’ll need to pedal depends on the specific e-bike model.

Do you get exercise if you ride an e-bike?

Yes, you still get exercise. E-bikes do some of the work for you, but they still count, especially for otherwise sedentary people.

How do I operate an e-bike?

To operate an e-bike, turn it on, select the assistance level, and start pedalling. Use the throttle for a boost if available. Follow safety guidelines.

Do electric bikes charge themselves while pedalling?

Yes, some electric bikes charge themselves while you’re pedalling, but it depends on the bike. Check with your manufacturer to see if your e-bike has this feature.

What’s the difference between an e-bike and an electric bike?

There is no difference! Both refer to a bike powered by a motor.

What types of motors do e-bikes use?

E-bikes use either hub motors or mid-drive motors. Both options have their benefits, so it comes down to personal preference, and the type of riding you’ll be doing.

FAQs about Bolt electric bikes

How do I operate a Bolt e-bike?

Locate an e-bike via the Bolt app or on the street, unlock it, and start pedalling. The motor will assist you. When you arrive at your destination, park the e-bike correctly and end your ride in the app.

How do I lock a Bolt e-bike?

To lock a Bolt e-bike, first, park without obstructing pathways and then use the app to lock the bike. Once you’re ready to resume your trip, use the Bolt app to unlock the bike and go!

What’s the maximum speed of Bolt e-bikes?

Depending on the country, the top speed of Bolt e-bikes varies from 15 to 25 km/h.

How do electric bikes work?

Rent an e-bike! Choose Bolt!

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