May 16, 2024
Ever noticed how everything in your neighbourhood is nicely laid out?
Houses cluster together, charming cafes and restaurants line certain streets where businesses thrive, and industrial factories are hidden away, out of sight. None of this is by chance; it’s all down to zoning.
These invisible lines that run through our cities are essential to shaping liveability, and understanding zoning regulations is crucial for anyone who cares about the future of urban landscapes.
This post dissects just how important zoning laws are to urban planning. Read on to explore its impact on our cities, the pitfalls of poor regulation, and the exciting possibilities for the future.
Zoning regulations (also called zoning ordinances or zoning codes) are rules that tell you how a piece of land can be used. Local governments and city councils establish these laws to ensure development aligns with the community’s vision.
Zoning is defined as “the act or process of partitioning a city, town, or borough into zones reserved for different purposes”, such as residential zones, commercial areas, and mixed-use zones.
When you picture a city as a jigsaw puzzle, specific regulations help decide which pieces fit together and which are best kept apart. In essence, zoning laws ensure a sense of order and prevent troubling clashes from ever happening, like a nightclub opening next door to a home in a residential area.
Beyond creating orderly separation, zoning ordinances can also be an urban planning tool to promote walkable, liveable communities.
Flexible zoning laws mean that residential areas can be integrated with shops, workplaces, and amenities, all within walking distance. In such mixed-use zones, you’ll never be more than a quick stroll away from getting groceries or grabbing a coffee!
Land-use planning is also crucial in preserving open spaces for public use and environmental benefit. It ensures that cities maintain parks and other public services essential for a community’s long-term vision.
Despite all the goodness they can unlock, too strict zoning regulations can create a car-dependent population. Needless to say, this paves the way for other problems.
Urban land-use planning is a relatively new concept. In the early 1900s, cities were an organisational mess amidst industrialisation and immense population growth.
Factories with harmful pollution levels commonly sprung up near schools, and noisy industrial work routinely disrupted everyday life. Concerns were growing, and change was needed.
What was lacking was a set of regulations for what could be built where, including specific regulations for different types of zones.
Germany and Sweden were some of the first European countries to adopt land-use planning practices and focused on restricting the location of polluting factories. In 1916, New York City was the first city to enact traditional zoning systems to structure the urban environment. The city’s new single-use code separated land into residential, commercial, and industrial zones.
After World War II, Europe’s approach split from the United States’ growing reliance on rigid zoning codes.
In Europe, zoning regulations focused on achieving specific goals like environmental protection, historic preservation, and promoting vibrant, mixed-use communities. This flexible approach stood in contrast to the strict single-use zoning in most US cities.
Single-use zoning became the core idea of zoning laws in the US and a significant contributor to urban sprawl in the following years. The obsession with single-family homes increased car dependency and limited walkability.
After realising the pitfalls of single-use zoning, local zoning laws today are changing. They’re now striving to balance order, liveability, sustainability, and community character with mixed-use developments.
While urban land-use planning is common around the globe, the laws, restrictions, and types of zoning differ from city to city. There is no one-size-fits-all approach, and zoning regulations are often tailored to match a city’s needs.
Let’s explore some real-life zoning examples where zoning laws have played a significant role in a city’s landscape:
Amsterdam’s land-use planning system is modern in the sense that it prioritises mixed-use functionality.
With industrial factories restricted to dedicated zones on the city’s outskirts, Amsterdam’s core is fluid, allowing certain businesses and manufacturing to rub shoulders with residential real estate.
This creates lively, compact neighbourhoods where residents can live, work, shop, and access amenities on foot or bike without being dependent on a vehicle.
Amsterdam’s zoning regulations embrace the city’s cycling culture, and this has been the case for many years. Even Amsterdam’s extension plan in 1935 was designed so that new neighbourhoods were no more than a 30-minute bicycle ride from the city centre.
Read more about Amsterdam’s zoning codes and planning on the city website.
Given Hong Kong’s limited land capacity, city planners prioritise efficient land use.
As such, Hong Kong’s local zoning laws designate most land for high-density uses, particularly residential high-rise buildings. By allowing for increased building heights, building upwards accommodates a larger population within a small area. This approach aids Hong Kong’s reputation as a compact city with necessities within walking distance.
Read through the zoning plans and browse interactive maps on the government website.
Rather interestingly, Houston has ignored the zoning laws ordinarily seen across the US. It’s unique in that it doesn’t follow any formal zoning. As the largest city in the United States without zoning laws, how has this decision affected Houston’s cityscape?
While the absence of zoning codes allows developers increased freedom, it can lead to unpredictable developments and conflicts between land uses. Inevitably, new businesses and developments can sprout up without limits, which can lead to comical circumstances. Famously, a rollercoaster was built next door to a detached family home in the city!
The lack of rigorous zoning codes has also led to urban sprawl. Developments expand outward, increasing car dependence, lowering walkability, and making it harder for the city to provide sound public transport links.
Parisian zoning ordinance encompasses several goals, including becoming a 15-minute city. However, one of the most unique goals is to preserve views of historic landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral.
Preserving landmark views is achieved through strict height restrictions in designated zones. This unique zoning example safeguards views of landmarks from new developments and ensures iconic structures remain prominent cityscape features.
Interactive zoning maps and information about planning processes are available for public viewing on the city website.
Residential zones are designated for housing and can include everything from detached single-family homes to high-density apartment complexes.
Commercial zoning is a designated area specifically for business activities. The specific types of businesses allowed in the zone can depend on local guidelines, but they usually involve retail stores, restaurants and cafes, offices, banks and professional services, hotels, and entertainment facilities.
As the name suggests, industrial zones are for industrial uses such as manufacturing premises, warehouses, and distribution centres. These are usually confined to a city’s peripheries.
Also known as Euclidean zoning, single-use zoning restricts land to one sole use. This strict land-use planning, typically seen in the US, creates a clear separation between residential and commercial areas, leading to car-dependent communities where pedestrian infrastructure is often neglected.
Mixed-use zoning allows for a blend of residential and commercial development. These zones, commonly seen across European cities, help create vibrant, walkable neighbourhoods where residents can live, work, and shop nearby.
Land-use planning plays a vital role in shaping our cities, and these are the three main benefits of zoning regulations to urban development.
Zoning laws act as a blueprint for a city and show exactly where residential, commercial, and industrial property can be located. With perimeters in place, they ensure that new developments complement surroundings and prevent a mismatch of buildings from ever happening.
All in all, well-executed land-use planning can improve the quality of life. By using zoning regulations to limit disturbances like air pollution and noise levels, increasing green spaces, and making amenities accessible on foot, zoning laws can contribute to a more liveable environment.
Zoning ordinances safeguard the neighbourhood’s character, protecting your property’s value. You can only imagine how a noisy industrial site would diminish your property value if it sprouted within hearing distance!
Land-use planning isn’t without limitations and, if executed poorly, can lead to a succession of problems.
Single-use zoning, which is notoriously rigid, can hinder creative developments. For example, a derelict industrial area might be a prime location for new housing units, but zoning red tape could hinder the project.
Separating housing, businesses, and industry into designated zones can harm the environment. Since amenities and work are spaced away from residential areas, it forces car dependence. With no other option for running errands and commuting to work, daily car trips add to a city’s air pollution and traffic congestion.
Strict single-use zoning typically prioritises detached family homes, which limits the availability of apartments or more affordable housing. This can push lower-income residents out as demand increases.
Liveability is about how easy and enjoyable it is to live in a city or neighbourhood. Sustainable transport options, vibrant public spaces, a clean environment, safety and security, and a sense of community all contribute to a city’s liveability.
It’s a complex issue, but if enforced without careful consideration, zoning regulations can harm a city’s liveability. As has been witnessed across the United States, strict single-use zoning, which positions residential housing away from amenities and businesses, can be detrimental.
Picture a suburb where the nearest grocery store is a five-minute drive, your nearest park is miles away, and getting to and from work requires sitting in endless idle traffic. It doesn’t exactly ooze liveability, does it?
Well, this is the norm for millions of people around the globe.
Single-use zoning has become the default land use policy in many cities, leading to immense urban sprawl. As homes spread further and further outward from the city, the resulting car dependency increases traffic congestion and air pollution and reduces opportunities for sustainable mobility.
Similarly, single-use zoning can restrict housing diversity. Because the zoning model focuses on detached single-family homes, it can create a lack of affordable, denser housing options, such as apartments that cater to smaller households and those on a budget.
Ask yourself, why are certain cities not walkable? Why do some areas not have a vibrant community where people of all backgrounds can easily live, work, and shop?
In many neighbourhoods, the lack of walkability, environmental issues, affordable housing shortages, car-centric developments, and overall reduced liveability stems from the commitment to single-use zoning.
At Bolt, we believe cities can be so much more than this. But how do we get there?
While traditional single-use zoning has offered some benefits to structuring cities, like separating noisy factories from homes, it falls short of creating liveable and sustainable urban environments.
Residents are happier, healthier, and more productive in a liveable city and city planners are starting to shift their focus. Single-use zoning has become an unhealthy habit for many cities. So, moving towards liveable cities requires a critical reevaluation of land-use planning practices.
A more flexible approach is required to revitalise our cities and meet today’s challenges. It should eradicate outward expansion in favour of liveable, green, high-density cities with fewer personal vehicles.
This includes property owners and developers using zoning appeals to challenge zoning laws. The ability to request changes ensures that urban development aligns with the community’s needs and promotes a sustainable future.
Mixed-use zoning allows for a combination of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces within the same area. Its pedestrian-friendly design can help create vibrant, walkable neighbourhoods where residents can access shops, restaurants, schools, and parks without needing a car.
In essence, mixed-use zoning shares many qualities of the 15-minute city concept.
The 15-minute city is a complete urban planning concept that’s a world apart from single-use zoning. The idea is that residents should be able to access all their essentials — commerce, schools, healthcare, restaurants, and culture — within a 15-minute walk or bike ride.
Spatial planning with the 15-minute concept in mind offers a higher quality of life through improved accessibility, fewer personal cars, reduced air pollution, better mental and physical health, and a greater sense of community.
By adopting mixed-use development and strategies such as high-density housing near public transport links, affordable housing mandates, and community engagement in proposals, cities can create a more adaptable land use policy that answers the community’s needs and promotes a more liveable and sustainable urban future.
Zoning information is typically available on the local government’s official website. Visit your municipality’s website and search terms such as ‘zoning’ and ‘land use’, and you’ll find interactive maps that allow you to browse by area. Alternatively, contact your local government’s planning department directly.
Public participation is a crucial part of a successful zoning process. Developers and city councils should involve the people who will live, work, and play in the city in forthcoming proposals.
City officials typically hold public hearings for new developments. Attending these meetings lets you learn about proposed changes, express views, and hear from neighbours and developers.
Despite being a complex issue, Bolt is committed to making urban living better for everyone.
Whether it’s reducing car travel by 25% or offering sustainable transport solutions, Bolt is helping make cities more liveable for the people who live in them.
Our transport options (scooters, e-bikes, ride-hailing, and shared rental cars) allow residents to move around easily without a private car, which can lead to more sustainable, liveable neighbourhoods.
Download the Bolt app and start your ride today.
